{"id":52,"date":"2026-07-02T16:05:48","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T10:35:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smitabharat.com\/blog\/?p=52"},"modified":"2026-07-14T23:02:11","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T17:32:11","slug":"database-interview-questions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smitabharat.com\/blog\/database-interview-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Database Interview Questions"},"content":{"rendered":"

1.what is index<\/h2>\n

A database index<\/strong> is a performance optimization<\/strong> tool that allows the database to find rows faster<\/strong> when you query by specific columns.<\/p>\n

CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);<\/p>\n

idx_users_email is the name of the index.<\/p>\n

It improves performance for queries filtering by email.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udcc8 Types of Indexes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Type<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Single-column index<\/strong><\/td>\nIndex on one column (e.g., email)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Multi-column (composite)<\/strong><\/td>\nIndex on multiple columns (e.g., first_name, last_name)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unique index<\/strong><\/td>\nPrevents duplicate values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Full-text index<\/strong><\/td>\nUsed for keyword searches in text<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary key<\/strong><\/td>\nAutomatically indexed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Foreign key<\/strong><\/td>\nOften indexed for JOIN performance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Trade-offs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Pros<\/strong><\/td>\nCons <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Speeds up SELECT queries<\/td>\nSlows down INSERT\/UPDATE\/DELETE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Helps enforce uniqueness<\/td>\nTakes up extra storage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Improves JOIN performance<\/td>\nNeeds to be managed carefully<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.\u00a0what are keys in database<\/h2>\n

In a database<\/strong>, keys<\/strong> are columns or combinations of columns that are used to identify<\/strong>, link<\/strong>, or enforce rules<\/strong> on data. They’re essential for ensuring data integrity<\/strong>, optimizing performance, and enabling relationships between tables.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Primary Key<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    • A unique identifier<\/strong> for each row in a table.<\/li>\n
    • Cannot be NULL or duplicated.<\/li>\n
    • Every table should have one<\/strong> primary key.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      1. Foreign Key<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \n
        • A column in one table that references the primary key<\/strong> in another table.<\/li>\n
        • Used to create relationships<\/strong> between tables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \n
          1. Unique Key<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              \n
            • Enforces that all values in the column are distinct<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
            • Like a primary key, but a table can have multiple unique keys<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \n
              1. Composite Key<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  \n
                • A key made up of multiple columns<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                • Uniquely identifies a row using the combination<\/strong> of values.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    \n
                  1. Candidate Key<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      \n
                    • A column (or set of columns) that can uniquely identify<\/strong> a row.<\/li>\n
                    • The best candidate<\/strong> is chosen as the primary key.<\/li>\n
                    • Others can be considered as alternate keys<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        \n
                      1. Super Key<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \n
                        • Any set of columns that can uniquely identify a row.<\/li>\n
                        • All candidate keys are super keys, but not all super keys are candidate keys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            \n
                          1. Index Key (Not a constraint, but performance-related)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                              \n
                            • Columns used in an index<\/strong> to speed up searching.<\/li>\n
                            • Often overlaps with primary\/foreign\/unique keys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Key Type<\/strong><\/td>\nPurpose<\/strong><\/td>\nCan be Null?<\/strong><\/td>\nMust Be Unique?<\/strong><\/td>\nMax per table<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                              Primary Key<\/td>\nUniquely identifies each row<\/td>\n\u274c<\/td>\n\u2705<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Foreign Key<\/td>\nLinks to another table<\/td>\n\u2705 (default)<\/td>\n\u274c<\/td>\nMany<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Unique Key<\/td>\nEnsures uniqueness<\/td>\n\u2705<\/td>\n\u2705<\/td>\nMany<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Composite Key<\/td>\nCombines columns as key<\/td>\n\u274c<\/td>\n\u2705<\/td>\n1 (as PK)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Candidate Key<\/td>\nEligible to be a primary key<\/td>\n\u274c<\/td>\n\u2705<\/td>\nMany<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              3. What is diff between MongoDB and MySQL<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Feature<\/strong><\/td>\nMongoDB<\/strong><\/td>\nMySQL<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                              Type<\/strong><\/td>\nNoSQL (Document-oriented)<\/td>\nSQL (Relational Database)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Data Format<\/strong><\/td>\nJSON-like documents (BSON)<\/td>\nStructured tables with rows & columns<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Schema<\/strong><\/td>\nSchema-less<\/strong> (dynamic fields)<\/td>\nFixed schema<\/strong> (defined tables)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Query Language<\/strong><\/td>\nMongoDB Query Language (MQL)<\/td>\nSQL (Structured Query Language)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Joins<\/strong><\/td>\nLimited $lookup, not native<\/td>\nStrong native JOIN support<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Transactions<\/strong><\/td>\nSupported (since v4.0)<\/td>\nFully supported<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Best For<\/strong><\/td>\nUnstructured or semi-structured data<\/td>\nStructured and relational data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Scaling<\/strong><\/td>\nHorizontal (sharding)<\/td>\nMostly vertical (scaling up server)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Storage<\/strong><\/td>\nDocuments stored in collections<\/td>\nRows stored in tables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Use Case<\/strong><\/td>\nFast dev, flexible data (e.g. logs, JSON APIs)<\/td>\nFinancial systems, relational apps<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              Performance<\/strong><\/td>\nFaster with large, unstructured data<\/td>\nFaster with complex queries & joins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              ACID Compliance<\/strong><\/td>\nPartial (now full in latest versions)<\/td>\nFull ACID compliance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              \u2705 Choose MongoDB When:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • You want fast prototyping or flexible schema<\/li>\n
                              • You deal with JSON or nested data<\/li>\n
                              • You’re building real-time analytics, IoT, or document storage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \u2705 Choose MySQL When:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • You need complex queries, joins, and constraints<\/li>\n
                                • You require strict schema and relationships<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  4.What is Left Join?<\/h2>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Returns all rows from the left table (table A),<\/li>\n
                                  • And the matching rows from the right table (table B).<\/li>\n
                                  • If no match is found in the right table, the result will contain NULL for right table\u2019s columns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Syntax:<\/p>\n

                                    SELECT A.id, A.name, B.order_id<\/p>\n

                                    FROM Customers A<\/p>\n

                                    LEFT JOIN Orders B<\/p>\n

                                    ON A.id = B.customer_id;<\/p>\n

                                    5. What is Right Join?<\/h2>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Returns all rows from the right table (table B),<\/li>\n
                                    • And the matching rows from the left table (table A).<\/li>\n
                                    • If no match is found in the left table, the result will contain NULL for left table\u2019s columns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Syntax:<\/p>\n

                                      SELECT A.id, A.name, B.order_id<\/p>\n

                                      FROM Customers A<\/p>\n

                                      RIGHT JOIN Orders B<\/p>\n

                                      ON A.id = B.customer_id;<\/p>\n

                                      6. I have Employee table and below column emp_id, dept_id, salary and i want to find 4 employee maximum salry from multiple departments.give sql query for that.<\/h2>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      SELECT emp_id, dept_id, salary<\/p>\n

                                      FROM (<\/p>\n

                                      SELECT<\/p>\n

                                      emp_id,<\/p>\n

                                      dept_id,<\/p>\n

                                      salary,<\/p>\n

                                      ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rn<\/p>\n

                                      FROM Employee<\/p>\n

                                      ) AS ranked<\/p>\n

                                      WHERE rn <= 4;<\/p>\n

                                      7.Diff Between Having vs Where and Primary Key vs Unique key?<\/h2>\n

                                      WHERE vs HAVING<\/h3>\n

                                      \ud83d\udc49 WHERE:<\/strong> filters before grouping
                                      \n\ud83d\udc49 HAVING:<\/strong> filters after GROUP BY<\/p>\n

                                      1. Primary Key vs Unique Key<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Primary Key<\/strong><\/td>\nUnique Key<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                      Only one per table<\/td>\nMultiple allowed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Cannot be NULL<\/td>\nCan be NULL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      8. Primary key vs Unique key?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
                                        \n
                                      • Primary key: unique + NOT NULL + identifies row<\/li>\n
                                      • Unique key: unique but can allow NULL (depends DB)<\/li>\n
                                      • Foreign key?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \u2705 Answer:<\/strong>
                                        \nMaintains relationship between tables.
                                        \nEnsures referenced row exists.<\/p>\n

                                        9. Does sql.Open() create a database connection immediately?<\/h2>\n

                                        No. sql.Open() initializes a *sql.DB, which represents a pool of connections. It validates the configuration but doesn’t necessarily establish a connection immediately. Calling db.Ping() or executing the first query causes an actual connection attempt.<\/p>\n

                                        10. Is sql.DB thread-safe?<\/h2>\n

                                        Yes. A single *sql.DB is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines and should generally be shared across your application.<\/p>\n

                                        11.What happens if all connections are busy?<\/h2>\n

                                        If the number of in-use connections reaches MaxOpenConns, additional requests wait until a connection is returned to the pool (or until the operation times out if a context deadline is reached).<\/p>\n

                                        12. Should you call sql.Open() for every request?<\/h2>\n

                                        No. Create one *sql.DB when your application starts and reuse it. Creating a new *sql.DB for every request defeats the purpose of connection pooling and can hurt performance.<\/p>\n

                                        For Golang backend interviews, this is one of the most commonly asked database topics. Understanding how database\/sql manages connection pooling and how to tune SetMaxOpenConns, SetMaxIdleConns, SetConnMaxLifetime, and SetConnMaxIdleTime is often expected.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                        1.what is index A database index is a performance optimization tool that allows the database to find rows faster when you query by specific columns. CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email); idx_users_email is the name of the index. It improves performance for queries filtering by email. \ud83d\udcc8 Types of Indexes Type Description Single-column index Index on…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog-post"],"yoast_head":"\nDatabase Interview Questions - Smita Bharat Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/smitabharat.com\/blog\/database-interview-questions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Database Interview Questions - Smita Bharat Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1.what is index A database index is a performance optimization tool that allows the database to find rows faster when you query by specific columns. 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